Hispana/Leciono 9

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Grammar - Past Participle (el participio)

Spanish uses the past participle primarily for present perfect, past perfect, and other similar times. For -ar verbs form the past participle by adding -ado to the stem. For -er and -ir verbs add -ido:

Verb	Past Participle
hablar	hablado
comer	comido
vivir	vivido

If the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in one of the vowels -a, -e, or -o, the i of -ido gets an accent mark:

Verb	Past Participle
caer	caído
creer	creído
leer	leído
oir	oído
reir	reído

There are a few verbs with an irregular past participle:

Verb	Past Participle
abrir	abierto
cubrir	cubierto
descubrir	descubierto
decir	dicho
escribir	escrito
freír	frito
hacer	hecho
ir	ido
morir	muerto
poner	puesto
romper	roto
satisfacer	satisfecho
ver	visto
volver	vuelto

As in English, the past participle can also be used as an adjective for a noun. In that case the ending has to match gender and number of the noun. Example:

Su barba está afeitada.

His beard is shaved.

Finally, there are a few verbs with both a regular and an irregular past participle. In this case, the irregular past participle is used as an adjective, while the regular form is used for the verb tenses.

Verb	Past Participle
imprimir	imprimido / impreso
ocultar	ocultado / oculto

Grammar - Present Perfect (el pretérito perfecto)

The Spanish present perfect is formed by conjugating the aŭiliary verb haber (= to have) and adding the past participle of the verb.

	Present Perfect	English
yo	he comido	I have eaten
tú	has comido	you have eaten
Ud./él/ella	ha comido	you/he/she has eaten
nosotros(as)	hemos comido	we have eaten
vosotros(as)	habéis comido	you have eaten
Uds./ellos(as)	han comido	you/they have eaten

Here are a few examples of the Spanish Present perfect. Note that in Spanish the aŭiliary verb haber and the past participle are never separated:

Carlos y yo hemos jugado fútbol.	Carlos and I have played soccer.
¿Has hecho tus tareas escolares de español?	Have you done your Spanish homework?
Nunca se ha enfermado.	He has never been sick.

Grammar - Pluperfect (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto)

The Spanish pluperfect is formed by conjugating imperfect of haber (= to have) and adding the past participle of the verb.

	Present Perfect	English
yo	había comido	I had eaten
tú	habías comido	you had eaten
Ud./él/ella	había comido	you/he/she had eaten
nosotros(as)	habíamos comido	we had eaten
vosotros(as)	habíais comido	you (all) had eaten
Uds./ellos(as)	habían comido	you/they had eaten

Here are a few examples of the Spanish pluperfect. It is used to refer to an event that happened before another event in the past. As in the present perfect, the aŭiliary verb haber and the past participle are never separated:

Carlos y yo habíamos jugado el fútbol antes la fiesta anoche.	Carlos and I had played soccer before the party last night.
¿Tu habías venido antes a Mexico?	Had you been to Mexico before?
Nunca se había enfermado cuando era un niño.	He had never been sick while he was a kid.

El vocabulario (Vocabulary) - Los medios (Media)

Spanish Flag El Vocabulario Los medios

Media Vocabulary el artículo la cadena el canal el/la comentarista el/la crítico/a en directo, en vivo la estación de radio las noticias el noticiero el/la periodista el periódico la prensa la primera plana la sección deportiva la sección financiera la radio el/la reportero/a la telenovela la revista la televisión el titular la historieta la música article network channel commentator critic live radio station news newscast journalist newspaper press front page sports section business section radio (As in what you hear on the radio) reporter soap opera magazine television headline comic book music